Yara Liite1
Liite 1.
Maa | n | NP | NPE1O | NPE2O | NPE3O |
Kanada | 381 | < DL – 0,92 (<DL) | < DL – 7,8 (0,11) | < DL – 10 (< DL) | |
UK | 392 | < 0,03 – 53 (1,3) | |||
693 | < 0,2 – 22 (< 0,2) | < 0,6 – 32 (< 0,6) | |||
Sveitsi | 164 | 0,7 – 26 | 2,0 – 20 (7,8) | 0,8 -21 (8,4) | |
1815 | < DL – 0,48 | < DL – 0,35 | < DL – 2,55 | ||
Espanja | 66 | < DL – 644 (51) | |||
Japani | 247 | 0,05 – 1,08 | 0,04 – 0,81 | ||
488 | 0,11 – 3,08 | ||||
USA | 149 | < DL – 1,9 | < DL – 0,081 (0,017) | ||
2210 | 0,07 – 0,416 (0,2) | 0,056 – 0,326 (0,146) | 0,038 – 0,398 (0,176) | 0,026 – 0,328 (0,153) | |
3011 | < 0,11 – 0,64 (0,12) | < 0,06 – 0,6 (0,09) | < 0,07 – 1,2 (0,1) | < 1,6 – 14,9 (2) | |
Saksa | 1612 | 0,0067 – 0,134 (0,023) | |||
Taiwan | 513 | 1,8 – 10 (3) | 2,8 – 25,7 (21,3) |
Taulukko 1. Nonyylifenolin (NP) ja nonyylifenolietoksylaattien (NPEnO) pitoisuuksia pintavesissä (µg/l). Taulukossa on esitetty pitoisuuksien vaihteluväli sekä niiden mediaani suluissa. n = näytteiden lkm. DL = määritysraja.
1Bennie et al. (1997),2Blackburn & Waldock (1995), 3Blackburn et al. (1999), 4Ahel et al. (1996), 5Ahel et al.(2000),6Sole et al.(2000), 7Isobe et al.(2001), 8Tsuda et al.(2000), 9Snyder et al.(1999), 10Ferguson et al.(2001), 11Naylor et al.(1992), 12Kuch & Ballschmiter (2001), 13Ding et al.(1999).
n | NP | NPE1O | NPE2O | NPE3O | |
UK (joet ja rannikkovedet)1 | 56 | < 0,1 – 15 (< 0,1) | < 0,5 – 9,2 (< 0,5) | ||
USA (joet)2 | 30 | < 2,9 – 2960 (162) | < 2,3 – 175 (18,1) | ||
USA (Jamaica Bay)3 | 10 | 6,99 – 13700 (2107) | 26,4 – 13300 (2617) | 16,1 – 3580 (585) | < DL – 876 (171) |
Kanada (Suuret järvet ja St. Lawrence joki)4 | 9 | 0,1 – 72 (10,6) | < DL – 38 (7,1) | < DL – 6 (1,2) | |
Japani (joet ja lahdet)5 | 20 | 30 – 13000 | loka.70 |
Taulukko 2. Nonyylifenolin (NP) ja nonyylifenolietoksylaattien (NPEnO) pitoisuuksia sedimenteissä (ng/g). Taulukossa on esitetty pitoisuuksien vaihteluväli sekä niiden mediaani suluissa. n = näytteiden lkm. DL = määritysraja.
1Blackburn et al. (1999), 2Naylor et al. (1992), 3Ferguson et al. (2001), 4Bennie et al. (1997), 5Isobe et al. (2001)
KIRJALLISUUS
Ahel, M., Schaffner, C. & Giger, W. 1996. Behaviour of alkyphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment: III. Occurrence and elimination of their persistent metabolites during infiltration of river water to groundwater. Water Research 30(1), 37–46
Ahel, M., Molnar, E., Ibric, S. & Giger, W. 2000. Estrogenic metabolites of alkylphenol olyethoxylates in secondary sewage effluents and rivers. Water Science & Technology 42 (7), 15–22.
Bennie, D. T., Sullivan, C. A., Lee, H. B., Peart, T. E. & Maguire, R. J. 1997. Occurrence of alkyphenols and alkylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in natural waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin and the upper St. Lawrence river. Science of Total Environment 193, 263–275.
Blackburn, M. A. & Waldock, M. J. 1995. Concentrations of alkylphenols in rivers and estuaries in England and Wales. Water Research 29, 1623–1629.
Blackburn, M. A., Kirby, S. J . & Waldock, M. J. 1999. Concentrations of alkylphenol polyethoxylates entering UK estuaries, Marine Pollution Bulletin 38, 109-118.
Ding, W. H., Tzing, S. H. & Lo, J. H. 1999. Occurrence and concentrations of aromatic surfactants and their degradation products in river waters of Taiwan. Chemosphere 38 (11), 2597–2606.
Ferguson, P. L., Iden, C. R., Brownwell, B. J. 2001. Distribution and fate of neutral alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in a sewage-impacted urban estuary. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 2428–2435.
Isobe, T., Nishiyama, H., Nakasima, A. & Takada, H. 2001. Distribution and behavior of nonylphenol, octylphenol, and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in Tokyo metropolitan area: their association with aquatic particles and sedimentary distributions. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 1041–1049.
Kuch, H. M. & Ballschmitter, K. 2001. Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the pictogram per liter range, Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 3201–3206.
Naylor, C. G., Mieure, J. P., Adams, W. J., Weeks, J. A., Castaldi, F. J., Ogle, L. D. & Romano, R. R. 1992. Alkylphenol ethoxylates in the environment, Text. Chem. Soc. 69, 695 –703.
Snyder, S. A., Keith, T. L., Verbugge, D. A., Snyder, E. M., Gross, T. S., Kannan, K. & Giesy, J. P. 1999. Analytical methods for detection of selected estrogenic compounds in aquatic mixtures, Environmental Science and Technology 33, 2814–2820.
Sole, M., Lopez de Alda, M. J., Castillo, M., Porte, C., Ladagaard-Pedersen, K. & Barcelo, D. 2000. Estrogenicity determination in sewage treatment plants and surface water from the Catalonian area (NE Spain), Environmental Science and Technology 34, 5076–5083.
Tsuda, T., Takino, A., Kojima, M., Harada, H., Muraki, K. & Tsuji, M. 2000. 4-Nonylphenols and 4-tert-octylphenol in water and fish from rivers flowing into Lake Biwa, Chemosphere 41, 757–762.
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