Ero sivun ”Kiltova” versioiden välillä

Opasnet Suomista
Siirry navigaatioon Siirry hakuun
 
(4 välissä olevaa versiota samalta käyttäjältä ei näytetä)
Rivi 4: Rivi 4:


== Malleja ==
== Malleja ==
=== Heat ===
Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) on WHOn tuottama laskuri aktiivisen liikkumisen vaikutusten laskemiseksi. [https://heatwalkingcycling.org/#heat_flowchart]<ref name="who2017b">WHO. (2017b) Health economic assessment tool(HEAT) for walking and for cycling. Methods and user guide on physical activity, air pollution, injuries and carbon impact assessments. ISBN 978 92 890 5278 8 [https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/352963/Heat.pdf]</ref>
=== Sherpa ===
Sherpa-City is a tool for cities to assess emissions and air quality as a result of different traffic policies[https://integrated-assessment.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sherpacity/html/public/introduction.jsf].
=== Aktiivisen liikkumisen terveysvaikutukset Suomessa ===
Aktiivisen liikkumisen terveysvaikutukset Suomessa on 2021 julkaistu arviointi, joka on tehty yhteistyönä Syken ja THL:n kanssa. Se sisältää liikunnan hyödyt, ilmansaastepäästöt, onnettomuudet ja melun terveysvaikutukset.


=== PAQ2018 ===
=== PAQ2018 ===


Partnership on air quality tuotti mallin, jonka yleiskuvaus on alla olevissa taulukoissa. Laskenta on toteutettu Excelillä. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]
Partnership on air quality tuotti mallin, jonka yleiskuvaus on alla olevissa taulukoissa. Laskenta on toteutettu Excelillä. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]. EU-komission ilmansaasteiden yleissivu on https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality. Taustatietoja mallista ja tarvittavia lähtötietoja löytyy osoitteesta https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/hfa-explorer/. WHO-datan käyttöehdot löytyvät [https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/publishing-policies/data-policy/terms-and-conditions täältä].


User inputs:
User inputs:
* Total number of citizens in region of interest
* Total number of citizens in region of interest
* Age distribution by one-year age groups
* Age distribution by one-year age groups
* Outdoor air pollutant concentrations. All concentrations in ug/m3
* Outdoor air pollutant concentrations. All concentrations in ug/m3. The assumed cut-off values (i.e. no-effect thresholds) are shown in parenthesis.
** PM10  
** PM10 (3.9)
** PM2.5
** PM2.5 (2.5)
** NO2
** NO2 (5.0)
** EC
** EC (0.3)


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+'''Olennaiset laskentafunktiot
|+'''Olennaiset laskentafunktiot
!!Variable !! Equation
!Variable !! Equation
|----
|----
| Population at risk|| Standard population age group / total standard population * total target population
| Population at risk|| Standard population age group / total standard population * total target population
Rivi 40: Rivi 52:
|| YLL || attributable cases * disability weight (1) * duration (10.6 a)
|| YLL || attributable cases * disability weight (1) * duration (10.6 a)
|----
|----
|| Total DALYs / health damage in €|| YLD + YLL due to PM2.5 &amp; NO2
|| Total DALYs / health damage in €|| YLD + YLL due to PM2.5 &amp; NO2 (PM10 and EC would be double counting)
|----
|----
| Decline in life expectancy || (exposure – cutoff)/10* decline in life exposure (d) (MIKSI EI JAETA 10  jos EC?)
| Decline in life expectancy || (exposure – cutoff)/10* decline in life exposure (d)
|}
|}
Note! Do not use factor 10 in equations if exposure unit is 1 µg/m3 rather than 10 µg/m3 (with EC).


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
Rivi 53: Rivi 67:
! Scaling factor
! Scaling factor
! Incidence or prevalence
! Incidence or prevalence
! Explanation and default value incidence or prevalence
! Default value incidence or prevalence
! Source incidence or prevalence
! ERF (per 10 µg/m3)
! ERF (per 10 µg/m3)
! Disability weight
! Disability weight
! Duration
! Duration
! YLD per unit
! YLD per unit
! Source
! Costs per unit (€)
! Costs per unit (€)
! Source
|----
|----
| colspan="15"| Morbidity
| colspan="12| '''Morbidity
|----
|----
| Annual number of days with bronchitis in children
| Annual number of days with bronchitis in children
Rivi 71: Rivi 82:
| 100000/14
| 100000/14
| 18600
| 18600
| …  per 100000 (Default Europe: 18600)
| Europe: 18600<ref name="hoek2012">PATY study (Hoek et al., 2012)</ref>
| PATY study (Hoek et al., 2012)
| 1.080 (0.980 - 1.190)<ref name="hrapie">HRAPIE</ref><ref name="who2013">WHO 2013</ref>
| 1.080 (0.980 - 1.190)<ref name="hrapie">HRAPIE</ref><ref name="who2013">WHO 2013</ref>
| 0.22500
| 0.22500
| 0.00274
| 0.00274
| 0.00062
| 0.00062<ref name="who2017">WHO 2017a</ref>
| WHO 2017a
| 49<ref name="holland2014">Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.</ref>
| 49
| Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.
|----
|----
| Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults  
| Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults  
Rivi 87: Rivi 95:
| 100000
| 100000
| 390
| 390
| … per 100000 (Default Europe: 390)
| Europe: 390<ref name="sapaldia">HRAPIE: SAPALDIA</ref>
| HRAPIE: SAPALDIA
| 1.117 (1.040 - 1.189)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1.117 (1.040 - 1.189)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 0.09900
| 0.09900
| 10.00000
| 10.00000
| 0.99000
| 0.99000<ref name="heimtsa2011">Heimtsa &amp; Intarese 2011</ref>
| Heimtsa &amp; Intarese 2011
| 62712<ref name="holland2014"/>
| 62712
|
|----
|----
| Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children
| Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children
Rivi 103: Rivi 108:
| 100000/0.17/365.25
| 100000/0.17/365.25
| 4900
| 4900
| … per 100000 (Default West Europe: 4900, North and East Europe: 3500
| West Europe: 4900, North and East Europe: 3500<ref name="hrapie"/>
| HRAPIE
| 1.028 (1.006 -  1.051)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1.028 (1.006 -  1.051)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 0.07000
| 0.07000
| 0.00274
| 0.00274
| 0.00019
| 0.00019<ref name="heimtsa2011"/>
| Heimtsa &amp; Intarese 2011
| 49<ref name="holland2014"/>
| 49
|
|----
|----
| Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases
| Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases
Rivi 119: Rivi 121:
| 100000
| 100000
| 2416
| 2416
| … per 100000 (Default Europe)
| Europe<ref name="who">WHO</ref>
| WHO
| 1.0091 (1.0017 - 1.0166)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1.0091 (1.0017 - 1.0166)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 0.58800
| 0.58800
| 0.03800
| 0.03800
| 0.02230
| 0.02230<ref name="bachmann2017">Bachmann &amp; van der Kamp 2017</ref>
| Bachmann &amp; van der Kamp 2017
| 2574<ref name="holland2014"/>
| 2574
|
|----
|----
| Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases
| Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases
Rivi 135: Rivi 134:
| 100000
| 100000
| 1407
| 1407
| … per 100000 (Default Europe: 1848)
| Europe: 1848<ref name="who"/>
| WHO
| 1.0190 (0.9982 - 1.0402)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1.0190 (0.9982 - 1.0402)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 0.40800
| 0.40800
| 0.03800
| 0.03800
| 0.01550
| 0.01550<ref name="bachmann2017"/>
| Bachmann &amp; van der Kamp 2017
| 2574<ref name="holland2014"/>
| 2574
|
|----
|----
| Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days)
| Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)
| all ages
| all ages
| PM2.5
| PM2.5
Rivi 151: Rivi 147:
| 1
| 1
| 19
| 19
| … days per person per year (Default Europe: 19)
| Europe: 19<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="ostro1989">Ostro et al., 1989</ref>
| HRAPIE: Ostro et al., 1989
| 1.0470 (1.0420 - 1.0530)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1.0470 (1.0420 - 1.0530)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Rivi 161: Rivi 154:
|  
|  
|----
|----
| Work days lost, working age population
| Work days lost per worker per year, working age population
| age 20-65 a
| age 20-65 a
| PM2.5
| PM2.5
Rivi 167: Rivi 160:
| 1
| 1
| 12
| 12
| … days per worker per year (No Default Value)
| No Default Value<ref name="who"/>
| WHO
| 1.0460 (1.0390 - 1.0530)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1.0460 (1.0390 - 1.0530)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 0.09900
| 0.09900
| 0.00274
| 0.00274
| 0.00027
| 0.00027<ref name="heimtsa2011"/>
| Heimtsa &amp; Intarese 2011
| 152<ref name="holland2014"/>
| 152
|
|----
|----
| Lung cancer
| Lung cancer
Rivi 183: Rivi 173:
| 100000
| 100000
| 64
| 64
| … per 100000 (Default Europe: 49)
| Europe: 49<ref name="who"/>
| WHO
| 1.0900 (1.0400 - 1.1400)<ref name="zee2016">Van der Zee et al., 2016</ref>
| 1.0900 (1.0400 - 1.1400)<ref name="zee2016">Van der Zee et al., 2016</ref>
| 0.45100
| 0.45100
| 1.00000
| 1.00000
| 0.45100
| 0.45100<ref name="who2017"/>
| WHO 2017a
|
|  
|  
|----
|----
Rivi 199: Rivi 186:
| 100000
| 100000
| 7100
| 7100
| … per 100000 (Default Europe: 6700)
| Europe: 6700<ref name="who"/>
| WHO
| 1.1900 (1.0000 - 1.4200)<ref name="zee2016"/>
| 1.1900 (1.0000 - 1.4200)<ref name="zee2016"/>
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Rivi 215: Rivi 199:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| 1,5% daling per 10 µg/m³ PM2.5
|  
| does not apply
| 1.5% (-0.3% - 3.2%)<ref name="zee2016"/>
| 1.5% (-0.3% - 3.2%)<ref name="zee2016"/>
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Rivi 225: Rivi 206:
|  
|  
|----
|----
| colspan="15!| Mortality
| colspan="12"| '''Mortality
|----
|----
| Post-neonatal mortality
| Post-neonatal mortality
Rivi 233: Rivi 214:
| 100000
| 100000
| 300
| 300
| … per 100000 (Default Europe: 300)
| Europe: 300<ref name="who"/>
| WHO
| 1.040 (1.020 - 1.070)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1.040 (1.020 - 1.070)<ref name="hrapie"/><ref name="who2013"/>
| 1
| 1
| 80
| 80
| 80
| 80<ref name="heimtsa2011"/>
| Heimtsa &amp; Intarese 2011
| 67500<ref name="holland2014"/>
| 67500
| Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.
|----
|----
| YLL (premature deaths) due to PM10
| YLL (premature deaths) due to PM10
Rivi 248: Rivi 226:
| RR
| RR
| 100000
| 100000
| 1363.83537959465
| 1363.8<ref name="finland">Value for Finland</ref>
| … per 100000
|  
|  
| 1.035 (1.004 - 1.066)<ref name="hoek2013">Hoek et al., 2013</ref>
| 1.035 (1.004 - 1.066)<ref name="hoek2013">Hoek et al., 2013</ref>
| 1
| 1
| 10.6
| 10.6
| 10.6
| 10.6<ref name="leeuw2016">De Leeuw &amp; Horálek 2016/5</ref>
| De Leeuw &amp; Horálek 2016/5
|
|  
|  
|----
|----
Rivi 264: Rivi 239:
| RR
| RR
| 100000
| 100000
| 1363.83537959465
| 1363.8<ref name="finland">Value for Finland</ref>
| … per 100000
|  
|  
| 1.062 (1.041 - 1.084)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
| 1.062 (1.041 - 1.084)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Rivi 280: Rivi 252:
| RR
| RR
| 100000
| 100000
| 1363.83537959465
| 1363.8<ref name="finland">Value for Finland</ref>
| … per 100000
|  
|  
| 1.020 (1.010 - 1.030)<ref name="atkinson2018">Atkinson et al., 2017</ref>
| 1.020 (1.010 - 1.030)<ref name="atkinson2018">Atkinson et al., 2017</ref>
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Rivi 293: Rivi 262:
| YLL (premature deaths) due to EC
| YLL (premature deaths) due to EC
| 30+ a
| 30+ a
| EC
| EC Note! per 1 µg/m3
| RR
| RR
| 100000
| 100000
| 1363.83537959465
| 1363.8<ref name="finland">Value for Finland</ref>
| … per 100000
|  
|  
| 1.061 (1.049 - 1.073)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
| 1.061 (1.049 - 1.073)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Rivi 307: Rivi 273:
|  
|  
|----
|----
| colspan="11"| Mortality in premature mortality (decline in life expectancy) in days
| colspan="7"| '''Decline in life expectancy (in days)
| Decline in life expectancy (d)
| Decline in life expectancy (d)
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|----
|----
| Due to PM10
| Decline in life expectancy (in days)
| 30+ a
| 30+ a
| PM10
| PM10
| linear DR
| linear ERF
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| 1.035 (1.004 - 1.066)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
| 120 (14 - 223)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|  
|  
|
| 120 (14 - 223)
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|----
|----
| Due to PM2.5
| Decline in life expectancy (in days)
| 30+ a
| 30+ a
| PM2.5
| PM2.5
| linear DR
| linear ERF
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| 210 (140 - 281)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|  
|  
| 1.062 (1.041 - 1.084)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|
|
| 210 (140 - 281)
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|----
|----
| Due to NO2
| Decline in life expectancy (in days)
| 30+ a
| 30+ a
| NO2
| NO2
| linear DR
| linear ERF
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| 1.020 (1.010 - 1.030)<ref name="atkinson2018"/>
| 69 (35 - 103)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|  
|  
|
| 69 (35 - 103)
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|----
|----
| Due to EC
| Decline in life expectancy (in days)
| 30+ a
| 30+ a
| EC
| EC Note! per 1 µg/m3
| linear DR
| linear ERF
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| 206 (167 - 246)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|  
|  
| 1.061 (1.049 - 1.073)<ref name="hoek2013"/>
|
|
| 206 (167 - 246)
|  
|  
|  
|  

Nykyinen versio 19. maaliskuuta 2021 kello 12.26




Kiltova on Syken koordinoima projekti, joka tuottaa toiminnallisuuksia ilmastotoimenpiteiden vaikutusten arviointiin. Päähuomio on muissa kuin suorissa ilmastovaikutuksissa, esimerkiksi ilmansaasteissa, talousvaikutuksissa jne.

Malleja

Heat

Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) on WHOn tuottama laskuri aktiivisen liikkumisen vaikutusten laskemiseksi. [2][1]

Sherpa

Sherpa-City is a tool for cities to assess emissions and air quality as a result of different traffic policies[3].

Aktiivisen liikkumisen terveysvaikutukset Suomessa

Aktiivisen liikkumisen terveysvaikutukset Suomessa on 2021 julkaistu arviointi, joka on tehty yhteistyönä Syken ja THL:n kanssa. Se sisältää liikunnan hyödyt, ilmansaastepäästöt, onnettomuudet ja melun terveysvaikutukset.

PAQ2018

Partnership on air quality tuotti mallin, jonka yleiskuvaus on alla olevissa taulukoissa. Laskenta on toteutettu Excelillä. [4]. EU-komission ilmansaasteiden yleissivu on https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality. Taustatietoja mallista ja tarvittavia lähtötietoja löytyy osoitteesta https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/hfa-explorer/. WHO-datan käyttöehdot löytyvät täältä.

User inputs:

  • Total number of citizens in region of interest
  • Age distribution by one-year age groups
  • Outdoor air pollutant concentrations. All concentrations in ug/m3. The assumed cut-off values (i.e. no-effect thresholds) are shown in parenthesis.
    • PM10 (3.9)
    • PM2.5 (2.5)
    • NO2 (5.0)
    • EC (0.3)
Olennaiset laskentafunktiot
Variable Equation
Population at risk Standard population age group / total standard population * total target population
Magnitude total Burden of Disease Population * incidence or prevalence / scaling factor
Attributable cases/burden of disease BoD*(RR-1)/RR
RR ∆ exposure exp(ln(RR_per_10)/10*(exposure-cutoff))
YLD (attributable cases or bod)*YLD per unit
Costs (attributable cases or BoD) * cost per unit (€)
Percentage decline FEV1 decline fev1/10*(exposure-cutoff)
Total YLD / costs. Sum of morbidity. Does not include RAD and LBW and FEV1
YLL attributable cases * disability weight (1) * duration (10.6 a)
Total DALYs / health damage in € YLD + YLL due to PM2.5 & NO2 (PM10 and EC would be double counting)
Decline in life expectancy (exposure – cutoff)/10* decline in life exposure (d)

Note! Do not use factor 10 in equations if exposure unit is 1 µg/m3 rather than 10 µg/m3 (with EC).

Olennaiset parametrit
Response Age Exposure agent ERF Scaling factor Incidence or prevalence Default value incidence or prevalence ERF (per 10 µg/m3) Disability weight Duration YLD per unit Costs per unit (€)
Morbidity
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children 6-12 a PM10 RR 100000/14 18600 Europe: 18600[2] 1.080 (0.980 - 1.190)[3][4] 0.22500 0.00274 0.00062[5] 49[6]
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults 18+ a PM10 RR 100000 390 Europe: 390[7] 1.117 (1.040 - 1.189)[3][4] 0.09900 10.00000 0.99000[8] 62712[6]
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children 5-19 a PM10 RR 100000/0.17/365.25 4900 West Europe: 4900, North and East Europe: 3500[3] 1.028 (1.006 - 1.051)[3][4] 0.07000 0.00274 0.00019[8] 49[6]
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases all ages PM2.5 RR 100000 2416 Europe[9] 1.0091 (1.0017 - 1.0166)[3][4] 0.58800 0.03800 0.02230[10] 2574[6]
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases all ages PM2.5 RR 100000 1407 Europe: 1848[9] 1.0190 (0.9982 - 1.0402)[3][4] 0.40800 0.03800 0.01550[10] 2574[6]
Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year) all ages PM2.5 RR 1 19 Europe: 19[3][11] 1.0470 (1.0420 - 1.0530)[3][4]
Work days lost per worker per year, working age population age 20-65 a PM2.5 RR 1 12 No Default Value[9] 1.0460 (1.0390 - 1.0530)[3][4] 0.09900 0.00274 0.00027[8] 152[6]
Lung cancer age 30+ a PM2.5 RR 100000 64 Europe: 49[9] 1.0900 (1.0400 - 1.1400)[12] 0.45100 1.00000 0.45100[5]
Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term) 0 a PM2.5 RR 100000 7100 Europe: 6700[9] 1.1900 (1.0000 - 1.4200)[12]
Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³) 6-12 a PM2.5 linear 1.5% (-0.3% - 3.2%)[12]
Mortality
Post-neonatal mortality 1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12 PM10 RR 100000 300 Europe: 300[9] 1.040 (1.020 - 1.070)[3][4] 1 80 80[8] 67500[6]
YLL (premature deaths) due to PM10 30+ a PM10 RR 100000 1363.8[13] 1.035 (1.004 - 1.066)[14] 1 10.6 10.6[15]
YLL (premature deaths) due to PM2.5 30+ a PM2.5 RR 100000 1363.8[13] 1.062 (1.041 - 1.084)[14]
YLL (premature deaths) due to NO2 30+ a NO2 RR 100000 1363.8[13] 1.020 (1.010 - 1.030)[16]
YLL (premature deaths) due to EC 30+ a EC Note! per 1 µg/m3 RR 100000 1363.8[13] 1.061 (1.049 - 1.073)[14]
Decline in life expectancy (in days) Decline in life expectancy (d)
Decline in life expectancy (in days) 30+ a PM10 linear ERF 120 (14 - 223)[14]
Decline in life expectancy (in days) 30+ a PM2.5 linear ERF 210 (140 - 281)[14]
Decline in life expectancy (in days) 30+ a NO2 linear ERF 69 (35 - 103)[14]
Decline in life expectancy (in days) 30+ a EC Note! per 1 µg/m3 linear ERF 206 (167 - 246)[14]

Viitteet

  1. ↑ WHO. (2017b) Health economic assessment tool(HEAT) for walking and for cycling. Methods and user guide on physical activity, air pollution, injuries and carbon impact assessments. ISBN 978 92 890 5278 8 [1]
  2. ↑ PATY study (Hoek et al., 2012)
  3. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,9 HRAPIE
  4. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 WHO 2013
  5. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 5,0 5,1 WHO 2017a
  6. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.
  7. ↑ HRAPIE: SAPALDIA
  8. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 Heimtsa & Intarese 2011
  9. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 WHO
  10. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 10,0 10,1 Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017
  11. ↑ Ostro et al., 1989
  12. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 12,0 12,1 12,2 Van der Zee et al., 2016
  13. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Value for Finland
  14. ↑ Siirry ylös kohtaan: 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 Hoek et al., 2013
  15. ↑ De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5
  16. ↑ Atkinson et al., 2017
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